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Comparatives, Superlatives, Conjunctions, Prepositions and AdverbsComparatives and superlatives of adjectives are formed by appending the suffix -ior (genitive is -ioris) for comparatives and -issimus for superlatives. All comparatives are declined like third declension nouns while superlatives are declined like second declension nouns, and thus must match the gender of the noun the superlative modifies. Often stem changes occur when appending theses suffixes.
Irregular Adjectives
Fortunately, there are only a few irregular adjectives.
| | ||
| bonus | melior | optimus |
| good | better | best |
| | ||
| malus | peior | pessimus |
| bad | worse | worst |
.
Adverbs
Adverbs are formed usually by replacing the suffix appended to the stem with the -e, or -i and sometimes -um. Adverbs modify the verb in the clause which the adverb is contained in. The adverb may be placed anywhere with the clause. Adverbs may be of positive, comparative and superlative form. Unlike adjectives and substantives, adverbs do not have declension or gender. And thus they are referred to as being 'indeclinable.' Following suffices are appended to form the comparative and superlative forms of adverbs: -ius for comparatives and -issime for superlative.
Example
| | ||
| forte | fortius | fortissime |
| bravely | more bravely | most bravely |
Irregular Adverbs
Many of the irregular adjectives are irregular in their adjectival forms as well.
| | ||
| bene | melior | optime |
| well | better | best |
| | ||
| male | peius | pessime |
| badly | more badly | most badly |
There are many other adverbs which do not have comparative or superlative forms.
Review:
- What is the comparitive adverbial form of sol-us, sol-a, sol-um (alone)?
- What is the positive adverbial form of laetus? (happy)
- What is the positive adjectival form of iratior? (angrier)
- What is the postive adverbial form of certus? (certain)
- What is the superlative adjectival form of certus?
- What is the superlative adverbial form of certe?
- What is the superlative adjectival form of male?
- What is the superlative adverbial form of malus?
- What is the comparative adjectival form of desertus? (deserted)
- Solius
- Laete
- Iratus
- Certe
- Certissimus,-a,-um
- Certissime
- Pessimus,-a,-um
- Pessime
- Desertior,-ius
Conjunctions
Conjunctions are indeclinable particles that join clauses together to form sentences. Examples of forms of conjunctions in English are: and, but and so. Conjunctions are either coordernating (joining two main clauses) or subordinating (joing a subclause to a main clause).
| List of Common Conjunctions | |
| Coordinating Conjunctions | |
| atque | and |
| aut | or |
| aut...aut^^ | either...or |
| enim (usually placed second in sentence) | for |
| ergo | and so, therefore |
| et | and |
| et...et^ | both...and |
| igitur | therefore |
| itaque | and so |
| nam | for |
| nec/necque | and not, nor |
| nec/necque...nec/necque^ | neither...nor |
| -que* | and |
| sed | but |
| tamen (usually placed second in a sentence | however |
| Subordinating Conjunctions | |
| cum | when |
| dum | while, for the time |
| nisi | unless, except |
| quamquam | however |
| quod | because |
| si | if |
| ubi | where, when |
| ut | as/with result clauses: in order to, so, to |
Exercise 2
Based upon your reading of that table, how would one translate these sentences?
- Aut tu es bonus aut tu es malus ergo dic mihi veritatem.
- Cavete canem quod nec estis fortes nec cum virtute.
- Et canis et catus sunt laeti creati.
- In animo habeo ire ad grammaticum hodie sed habeo laborem domi.
- Ut abacum heri quod calculator non laborabat.
Prepositions
You have met a few prepositions already. Prepositions are indeclinable and genderless. Prepositions are placed before substantives and adjectives. Most prepositions take only the accusative or ablative case. Some prepositions may take both, however their meanings differ depending on the case.
Below is a list of common prepositions that take the accusative case:
ad, ante, circum, contra, extra, in, inter, per, post, prope, propter, super trans.
Below is a list of common prepositions that take the ablative case:
a/ab, cum, de, e/ex, in pro, sine, sub
Exercise 3
- Using your dictionary, translate the prepositions above, and write them out with the case they take.
Translate the following sentences:
- eo domum (Latin omits 'ad' with 'domus,' specific city names, and small islands; e.g. Eunt Romam = They go [to] Rome.)
- cum bona fortuna ero dives!
- circum agrum est aedificium cum atrio
- tu non es vir sine animis.
- familia venit cum amore.
- matrimonium gemet filios.
- Res audiebuntur cum dicantur in lingua Latina.
List of Frequent Adverbs, Prepositions, and Conjunctions in Latin
de 'http://www.georgetown.edu/faculty/irvinem/classics203/resources/latin.lex'
- atque, ac (conj): and [also], and; atque is used before consonants, ac before vowels,
e.g. pro rege ac patria, ager ac aedificium
- ad modum: adv. very, quite; fully; + neg. = at all
- ad huc/adhuc: thus far, as yet, still, in addition, in the future
- aliquam: in some degree
- aliqui -qua -quod: some, any
- aliquis -qua -quid: someone, something; some, any
- aliquando: at times, sometimes; once, formerly
- aliquotiens: several times, at different times
- at (form of ad = in addition to): but (intro startling transitions)
- atque: and as well, even, together with, in everything;
- atque...atque, both..and
- atqui: rather, however, but at any rate, but for all that (transition in arg.)
- aut: or, at least, or else; aut...aut: either...or
- autem: but, on the other hand, however
- coram: adv. and prep. in the presence of, before
- dehinc: adv. while, from here, from now, henceforth; then, next
- deinde: adv. from there; then, afterwards; secondly, next (in order), in the second (next) place
- demum: adv. at last, finally, not till then; precisely, exactly, just, in fact, certainly, to be sure; modo demum: only now, just now.
- denique: adv. finally
- donec: while, as long as, until
- dum: conj. while, now; so long as, provided that, if only; until
- enim: (conj) namely, indeed, certainly, in fact, for, because
- eo quod: because
- etenim: (conj) and indeed, for, as a matter of fact
- etiam: also, besides; even, actually; (time) still
- etsi: (conj.) though, although, and yet
- fas (est): indecl. (it is) right, proper
- huc: here, to this place; so far, for this purpose
- ibi: there, then, therein, on that occassion
- idcirco: for that reason, on that account, therefore
- ideo: therefore, for this reason
- illuc: (adv.) (to) there; to that; to him/her
- immo: (adv.) or rather; indeed; no, yes (emphasis)
- interdum: occasionally, sometimes, now and then
- inde: from there, from that source, then, after; from then
- iuxta: (adv) near by, alike, equally; (prep) close to, right after, near to, beside.
- iuxta (7th-15th c.): according to
- iuxta aliquid: to some extent
- ita: thus, so, in this way; ita...ut: just as, so...that
- ita...quomodo: just as
- licet: all right; (with dat + inf) it is right for someone to; (conj) although, even if
- modo: only, just now
- necnon: also, moreover, certainly, besides
- nempe: to be sure, of course
- non numquam: sometimes
- nondum: not yet
- nonnullus -a -um: some, several
- nuper: recently, lately
- nusquam: nowhere
- ob: before, in front of; on account of, because of; for the sake of; instead of; in proportion to
- ob rem: to the purpose, usefully
- quam ob rem: wherefore, accordingly
- olim: once; of old; one day
- praeterea: besides, moreover; hereafter
- postea: afterwards
- postmodum: afterwards; presently
- procul: far off
- proinde: adv. consequently, therefore; just as
- propterea: for that reason, therefore
- prorsus/prorsum: (adv.) forwards; absolutely; in short
- prout: (conj) according as
- qua: (adv) where, as far as, how; qua..qua: partly...partly
- qualibit: anywhere, any way, as you please
- qualis -e: what sort of, what kind of, such as, as
- qualiter: adv. how, as, just as
- quam: (adv) how, how much; as, very
- quamdiu: as long as; while; inasmuch as
- quamquam: although
- quamvis: (adv) however; (conj) although
- quando: when (after nisi, ne) ever; (conj) when, since, because
- quandoque: (adv) at some time; (conj) whenever, as often as, since
- quantum: (adv) as much as, as far as, so much as, to what extent
- quantus: how great, how much
- in quantum: to what extent
- quanto: for how much
- quantum ad: in terms of, as far as x is concerned, with respect to
- quapropter: wherefore
- quare: by what means, how; why, wherefore
- quasi: as if, as though
- quatenus: adv.(inter.) how far, how long? (rel.) as far as, in so far as, since
- quemadmodum: (adv) in what way, how; (conj) as, just as
- quicquam: anything
- quicumque quae- quod-: whoever, whatever; all that, any whatever
- quidam quae- quid-: a certain one, someone, a kind of
- quidem: indeed, in fact
- quippe: adv. certainly, of course; conj.(explaining) for in fact, because, since
- quisquam quid-: anyone, anything
- quisque quidque: each, each one, every
- quisquis, quidquid: whoever, whatever; all
- quo: where, what for, to what end
- quoad: as to, with respect to
- quocumque: wither so ever, how so ever
- quod: (conj) because, as far as, in so far as, as for the fact that, in that, that
- quod si: but if
- quodamodo: in a way
- quomodo: how, in what way; (rel) as, just as
- quondam: once, sometimes, formerly
- quoniam: because, since, seeing that, now that
- quoque: also, too
- quot: how many; (conj) as many
- quotiens: how often (rel) as often as
- rursus: again, in turn
- recte: rightly, correctly
- rursum: again
- sane: reasonably, sensibly; certainly, doubtless, truly; of course; c. neg. = really, at all; to be sure, however
- scilicet: adv. evidently, naturally, of course; (as explan. particle:) namely, that is to say, in other words
- semel: once
- seu: = et
- simul: at the same time; together; likewise
- sin: but if
- siquidem: if in fact; if only, if indeed; since indeed, since that
- talis -e: adj. such, of such a kind, the following
- taliter: in such a manner, so
- tam: so, so greatly; tam...quam: so...as, much...as well as
- tamen: yet, nevertheless, still
- tamquam: as, just as; (conj) as if, just as if
- tandem: at last, finally
- tantum: (adv) so much, so greatly; to such a degree; so far; only
- tantus -a -um (adj): of such (a size); so great, so much
- tot: as many, so many
- tunc: (avd) then, just the; thereupon, accordingly, consequently
- ubicumque: wherever, everywhere
- unde: whence, from where; wherefore; this being the case
- usque: as far as, all the way, continually, straight on, up to; until
- ut...ita: while...nevertheless
- uterque -raque -rumque: both, each (of two)
- utinam: would that, if only
- utique: anyhow, at least, at any rate
- utpote: as, in as much as
- utrum: (conj) either, whether
- velut: as, just as, as it were, as though
- verumtamen: but yet, nevertheless
- vero (conj): but, truly
- videlicet: clearly, evidently; namely
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